morteza babak moein
Abstract
Eric Landowski distinguishes two different and possible forms in searching for joy and happiness based on two different forms of taste and desire: ‘the longing to enjoy from’ and ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’. In regard to ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’ which ...
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Eric Landowski distinguishes two different and possible forms in searching for joy and happiness based on two different forms of taste and desire: ‘the longing to enjoy from’ and ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’. In regard to ‘the longing to be enjoyed from’ which is the main topic of discussion here, he proposes two different takes of ‘enjoy’.The first take defines subject’s sense of enjoyment built on a one-way relationship of possessing the other person or worldly element. The second one describes the sense of joy based on a reciprocal interaction between the subject and the world which Landowski calls ‘to like’.He also poses two different interactions on subject’s association to the world, which one is attached to the idea of ‘use’ and the other to ‘praxis’.The present paper tries to describe and explain Landowski’s train of thought on taste and desire system and analyze the key concepts of the field as well as proving that in Proust’s significant novel, In Search of Lost Time, the interaction between Marcel and Swann and the beloved is based on possessive desire and is founded on idea of ‘using’. On the other hand, their interactions with the worldly elements are grounded on affectionate intentions established by the praxis with the world, meaning the elements are not considered as objects but subjects or semi-subjects.
narguesse yazdanpanah; morteza babak moeen
Abstract
We have not exaggerated, if we claim that all the poetry of Rene Char is a challenge to the French poetry between the contradictory category of "openness" and "dependence." In fact, in his poetry, we always witness the exuberant desire of the subject to go, escape, and change permanently, and on the ...
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We have not exaggerated, if we claim that all the poetry of Rene Char is a challenge to the French poetry between the contradictory category of "openness" and "dependence." In fact, in his poetry, we always witness the exuberant desire of the subject to go, escape, and change permanently, and on the other hand, the tendency to return to the starting point where the departure had begun. The return is not for permanent stay, but for the subject to take advantage of this initial location as a launch pad, and the launch pad is nothing but an energy source for the subject which looks for openness to discover different possibilities only through relying on the source of energy of the initial locations. The subject of Char never tones to the deceptive charm of closed places where he can repose, but on the contrary, he sees himself continuously ready for permanent vivification. In other words, he would prefer the hazard of departure to indolence. So far, many studies have been done on poems and philosophical themes of Char, and critics have often criticized, studied and analyzed his works. Raychar explores the main themes of the Char's poetry and the dominance of his poetic language. In some part of this work, he analyzes Rambo's poetry in depth. By reading this section, the poet's influence on Char is clear. Char who has also been influenced by the Heraclite ideas, prefers the "permanent movement," "becoming," and "openness" to "the stagnation of rational and rational transparency." Char like Heraclite confirms the existence of a world in which everything, and even the world itself, is always in the midst of change. Therefore, every thought is rejected by the positivist certainty that is based on rational transparency. Char in Marto collection of poetry, quotes from Heraclite: "It should be remembered who forgets where the road ends" (cité par René Char, 1934: 11). This sentence emphasizes the denial of determination the proof that defines all the data beforehand. It can be argued that for Char what is essential is guaranteeing your presence at the moment, a moment that is full of anxiety and risk. The anxiety that comes from going to the unknown discovery that lies ahead of the subject. In fact, for Heraclite, like Char, "escaping from scientific certainty and giving up to the necessary and possible affair, while accepting the risk, is guaranteed to be present at the moment" (Fortier, 1996: 65). Char believes that in order to be present at the moment, we need an eternal death in the moment. In other words, the human being who is constantly witnessing his death at the moment and constantly living death is the living human being, because he is ready to accept new experiences at any moment. The main purpose of this paper is to answer the question that, basically, in the Char’s poetry which poetic images portray these two opposite tendencies, namely, the desire for departure and openness and return to consoling and supporting initiating places in a metaphorical manner.